The Wicked Mr. Trump’s UN Speech

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Today’s address to the general assembly of the United Nations by the wicked Mr. Trump is yet another lurch in the psychotic breakdown of foreign policy of the United States of America. Trump’s speech further reinforces the spectacle of America’s moral collapse and declining status in the international community.

The adjective wicked is a bit antiquated but nicely fits for Trump. The word evil has supernatural connotations that might actually confer superhuman abilities which would flatter him and thereby be undeserved.

The current version of the Republican Party has led America into a disaster the likes of which are heretofore unseen. Trump has driven away our closest allies. He has deeply offended and threatened Canada, arguably the nicest country in the world. The citizens who voted for Trump own this festering boil and should be made to make amends. Idiots are elected by idiots.

Perhaps the USA could be excused for the first election of Trump. But to elect him twice and then make a show of failing to restrain him in his misdeeds is unforgivable. We have lost allies and trading partners in the international community and many of those states have already forged agreements and trade relationships leaving the US behind. There will be no return to past alliances.

It is as if the USA does not understand what a great position we have held since the end of WWII. American influence is already disappearing on many fronts.

Even when the time comes that Trump is out of the picture, the EU, trading partners and NATO will remain skeptical due to our 4-year election cycle that can abruptly reverse policies. America’s flip-flopping of policy with the election cycle has long been a source of consternation for the EU.

TRUMP IS A DISASTER AND MUST BE PHYSICALLY REMOVED FROM OFFICE TO STOP THIS DAMAGE TO OUR NATION. THERE IS NO INDICATION THAT HE WILL VOLUNTARILY VACATE THE OFFICE WHEN THAT TIME COMES. AN AGENCY OR COMMITTEE WITH THE AUTHORITY TO REMOVE TRUMP MUST BE DEVISED TO ACT UNDER THE FORCE OF LAW TO DO THIS OUTSIDE OF HIS ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL.

Trump, Vance, the cabinet, Speaker Johnson and the congressional MAGA Republican caucus are burrowed deeply beneath the skin of government and must be voted out for the continuity of our democratic republic.

The majority of voting Americans who oppose Trump are obligated by law to respect the election schedule imposed by the constitution in regard to elected office holders. While we follow the law in this regard, the congressional majority has declined to apply the built in checks and balances allowed by the constitution, thereby allowing Trump’s actions.

So far Trump opponents have been peaceful in their protests and general conduct. We have declined to storm government buildings, breaking in doors, injuring police officers and using bear spray in protest. It is because we, the loyal opposition, understand that it would be wrong.

How to be patriotic to Trump’s America? That’s a tough question. My tattered patriotism remains with pre-2016 America.

Insurrection by Proxy

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Below is a quotation reported in The Hill of the “swearing in” of attendees at the recent 2026 Dallas hootenanny of the GOP. Trump asked the attendees to take the following oath-

“I pledge to the greatest president in the history of the United States, that loves us so much he can’t even breathe, that I will go out with my family, my friends. I don’t care if I’m registered or not. I’m going to try and cheat like hell like they do. There’s never been bigger cheaters. I don’t care. I am going to go out and I am going to get my friends, my family, and we are going to vote on November third or we are going to vote before that.”

Nobody would write a movie script with a scene having the above swearing in conducted by a president. It’s too corny for adult audiences. It would result in a movie rated 7 tomatoes out of a hundred on the Rotten Tomato scale. Yet the president of the USA delivered this order to commit voter fraud in the Nov. 2026 midterm election.

The American president is verbally directing citizens to commit voter fraud. This is an attack on the central pillar of American democracy. It is meant to disqualify winning Democratic members of congress by direct injection of hand waving uncertainty into the very voting process itself. This could lead to the congress disqualifying elections where the GOP led congress could cherry pick districts to disqualify and at a pace that would lengthen the duration of GOP dominance while investigation drags on.

This is tantamount to the theft of public voting rights and is a hybrid attack on America itself. If another country did this, we would consider it as an act of hostility.

According to the Cornell Law School website, treason is defined as-

Treason is the betrayal of one’s own country by attempting to overthrow the government through waging war against the State or materially aiding its enemies. According to the United States Constitution, Article III, Section 3, “Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.” Furthermore, 18 U.S.C § 2381, states that a person guilty of treason against the United States “shall suffer death, or shall be imprisoned not less than five years and fined under this title but not less than $10,000; and shall be incapable of holding any office under the United States.” 

Trump’s speech gives instructions that if executed as requested, will result in the ruling political party having oversight over the remedy to alleged election fraud. How much more absurd does this have to get before there is a large scale uprising? The 2016-2016 decade of Trump has been a disaster extending well past our borders. The whole global political and financial operating system is fragmenting and rebuilding to the exclusion of the USA.

I doubt that in the current political climate a court, especially SCOTUS, would actually find Trump guilty of treason. Whether or not Trump’s oath constitutes “betrayal” is a legal grey area and grey areas are beachheads for the MAGA lawfare invasion.

And now the landscape is shifting again, in ways that should alarm everyone who cares about a free press and its role in American democracy. The tech oligarchs who built our dominant social media platforms—the distribution mechanisms where people go to discuss politics—are consolidating power in ways that are explicitly hostile to old-media ethics like rigorous fact-checking, fidelity to the truth, and avoidance of partisanship.

Americans can’t rely on mainstream media to hold the lines of democracy anymore. Not because mainstream media is bad, but because it’s actively being captured, or hollowed out, or reconfigured by people who do not share its traditional mission. Sarah Longwell, The Bulwark.

What used to be reverently referred to as the 4th Estate is being taken over by America’s splotchy clique of oligarchs. The acquisition of CNN and CBS by an IT Oligarch’s clan and Fox News by an Australian monopolist have gone far to turn the news policies of electronic media from liberal to Trump loving broadcasters.

The conversion of the meaning of the words liberal or liberal media to a common epithet began decades ago in the Reagan years. During the Reagan years, the Republican Party joined up with conservative protestant evangelical congregations to spread anger and dismay. It has worked brilliantly. Evangelical pastors, especially those on television, began to blend theology with conservative politics in their weekly performances.

Hellfire, brimstone and abortion combine naturally like eggs, bacon and home fries stimulating the end-times theology of Baptist church goers. Citizens normally absent from the political scene latched onto abortion as their single issue and voted accordingly, irrespective of what else may come of their candidate choices.

From inside my online world, I’m left to conclude that the Democratic party and the so-called liberal media have consistently FAILED to meet expectations as a unified political force in opposition to the GOP. This, multiplied by voters who vote against their best interests under the hypnotic blathering of Trump and his stable of idiots, has led to the accelerated demise of America’s global hegemony.

The Democratic party has failed to produce a platform that lights a fire under voters and candidates. Republicans know how to get elected but can’t seem to govern. Democrats show greater skill in governance but have trouble getting elected. The Republican electoral playbook is wide open for study. They’re good at persuasion and mobilizing voters. Yes, they’re liars, but this is a war for the progressive America we recently allowed to slip from between our fingers. More Democrats should be removing their gloves in this cage fight for America.

Columnar Rock Layers at Yellowstone

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Just a quick posting of a wonderful rock formation in Yellowstone National Park. Note the two layers of columnar lava rock. Recall the Devil’s Causeway in Northern Ireland or Devil’s Tower a couple of hundred miles to the east of Yellowstone in Wyoming. That Devil was a hard working demon.

Slow solidification and shrinkage of the cooling lava flows from earlier vulcanism led to this columnar structure. There is a pull-off across the road next to what must be the upper layer where the photo was taken. I skipped across the road to get a closer look. After 5 minutes I noticed the sign warning not to go next to the formation due to the danger of falling rock. At least there wasn’t a bison standing there as well.

Image credit: Arnold Ziffel.

The Expanding World of Bentonite

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In researching a newspaper article on the expansive clay bentonite, I’m reminded of the rich geochemistry and mineralogy of silicates and aluminates. A visit to the Wikipedia page for silicates reveals a taste of the variety of silicate structures. The clays under discussion here are of the sheet silicates also characterized as phyllosilicates. When the word ‘bentonite’ is used, it is understood to mean a clay with at least 70 % montmorillonite.

Image: Link. The platy nature of clays.

The two clays mentioned here are layered structures comprised of silicate tetrahedra (T) and aluminate octahedra (O). Kaolinite would then be classed as a TO bi-layered structure and montmorillonite is classed as a TOT tri-layered structure. The figure above shows the platy, stacked nature of the phyllosilicates.

Image: Link. Excellent graphics from the European Geosciences Union.

Silicate minerals with a single, isolated SiO44- groups are called orthosilicates. These SiO44- units can be joined at the vertices to form single and double chains, rings, sheets and 3-D networks as in quartz. In the case of chains, etc., the silicon atoms are bridged with oxygen atoms.

Presently I am writing a piece about the sciency aspects of bentonite, a clay responsible for expansive soil. A local McBurger restaurant has closed temporarily due to structural problems caused by expansive soil which is symptomatic in the region. For geographical context we are in north central Colorado between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Denver, Colorado. The presence of troublesome bentonite-containing expansive soils in the area is well known. In fact, there are many bentonite mines in Wyoming, one with milling operations in Casper, WY.

According to the Wyoming Mining Association, Wyoming has 70 % of the world’s and 93 % of the USA’s known bentonite deposits.


Graphic from the Wyoming Mining Association.
Graphic from the Wyoming Mining Association.

Bentonite can be harmful to roads and building foundations but also serves as an important raw material. It is used primarily in drilling muds, cat litter, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, animal feeds and other applications.

Image: Link. Creative Commons..
DO – 10.1186/1476-511X-13-153
ImaLink. Nieto, S.; Toro, N.; Robles, P.; Gálvez, E.; Gallegos, S.; Jeldres, R.I. Flocculation of Clay-Based Tailings: Differences of Kaolin and Sodium Montmorillonite in Salt Medium. Materials 2022, 15, 1156. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15031156ge:

The class of expansive clays relevant here are the smectites. Bentonite is a smectite and has mineral composition rich in the montmorillonite member of the smectite group. In short, montmorillonite can attract waters of hydration to a great extent depending on the cation sub-type of the montmorillonite. The sub-types include Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, Fe++ counter-ions. A common cation in montmorillonite is sodium cation. The high water solubility of sodium salts in general allows for it’s replacement by other cations.

The montmorillonite unit structure consists of 3 layers similar to the stacking of an Oreo cookie. The inside cream layer consists of a sheet of aluminate octahedra. The two sandwiching cookie layers are sheets of silicate tetrahedra. The net effect is that the internal surplus negative charge carries through to the exterior surface of the sandwich. This charge attracts water layers and cations that will coordinate to the cookie surface to balance the charge. This attraction to cations and water leads to expansion of the unit structure the mineral and therefore swelling of the bulk material.

Kaolinite is comprised of bi-layers of a tetrahedral silicate sheet intimately bound to an aluminate sheet with no intervening layer of hydrates. The direct stacking of the kaolinite plates absent the water layer physically prevents water from migrating between plates and leading to swelling. Kaolinite is not an expansive clay.

Image: Cambridge Core (Paywall) , a ball and stick drawing of a Kaolinite silicate layer on top of a octahedral aluminate layer.

The pottery clay familiar to most of us is comprised mostly of kaolinite. While not a smectite, kaolinite (above) has just a single tetrahedral silicate layer connected to an octahedral aluminate layer to make a flat platy structure.

Image: Link. Nieto, S.; Toro, N.; Robles, P.; Gálvez, E.; Gallegos, S.; Jeldres, R.I. Flocculation of Clay-Based Tailings: Differences of Kaolin and Sodium Montmorillonite in Salt Medium. Materials 2022, 15, 1156. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15031156

What’s Worse- Authoritarianism or Socialism?

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Over the decades I’ve listened patiently to conservatives, especially the elected GOP types, spout off about liberal proposals or programs as being “socialism.” The very word carries a strong revulsion in them, enough to cause right wingers and even some centrists to recoil in horror. In common usage, the word is almost spat out of their mouths with the same abhorrence that one might vocalize in reference to a Old Nick himself. The mere utterance of the word should be enough to demolish liberal proposals like affordable healthcare or Pre-K programs.

My station in life has been in the field of chemistry, not psychology, so I am hardly qualified to clinically diagnose what psychology lies behind this vigorous and frequent epithet. Despite the mountain of clinical ignorance I reside under, I can offer a few observations in the not-so-subtle form of questions.

  • What event led to the huge corrosive and emotional investment many conservatives have with socialism?
  • How is it that I can read comments from conservatives in social media or network news wherein acute criticism is levied on socialism, but such criticism is not expressed on authoritarianism? Are they OK with authoritarianism or just unwilling to invite comparison?
  • Do conservatives still believe that socialism automatically means Soviet-style socialism? Didn’t the Soviets prove to the world that Soviet socialism doesn’t work? Many of us were paying attention to this event, weren’t you?
  • Could it actually be that conservatives view socialists as freeloaders wanting to suckle on the generous American teat?

Without food, shelter or skills, the world is a dangerous place for those not born into wealth or without a record of good luck. The sort of dilute socialism in practice in the USA since FDR brought us a social safety net has had many positive effects. The overall effect is that it has reduced some of the harshness of life for a great many.

Perhaps the beef that the moneyed class has with liberal democracy is that they are prevented from accumulating gilded-age wealth by every means possible? They want absolute control of markets and labor. The role of government is to arrange consumers for easy pickings, like fish in a barrel. In the biological world, unlimited growth is called cancer. The religion of shareholder value sets the pace for endless growth, despite the mathematical absurdity of it.

Greed is like a penis- it has no brain. It only knows that it wants more.

The 2nd Amendment-banging ultra-right wingers in camouflage britches have long been eager to explain that they were prepping for oppression by a tyrannical government. Well boys, the tyrannical government is here here! Now whatcha gonna do?

Tornado Simulation

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Being retired and an avid YouTube viewer I recently blundered into a group of videos presenting supercomputer simulations of tornado formation and evolution. The work is done by Dr Leigh Orf and coworkers.

Image credit: MDPI. Dr. Leigh Orf, The Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS), University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Atmosphere 2019, 10(10), 578; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10100578

In an article titled A Violently Tornadic Supercell Thunderstorm Simulation Spanning a Quarter-Trillion Grid Volumes: Computational Challenges, I/O Framework, and Visualizations of Tornadogenesis, Orf describes his supercomputer simulation results from a program written in Fortran95. I gather that development of the software was quite a feat.

What caught my attention was the visual and computational appearance of multiple vortices in the early stages of tornado formation. This can be seen in Orf’s simulations. As a tongue of in-flowing air streams towards the central vortex it abruptly swerves upward and in doing so begins to repeatedly spawn lesser vortices that in the upwards flow that will coalesce with one another and combine with the core vortex. The formation of wispy clouds flowing into the rising, low pressure air funnel renders some of the flow field visible, but not nearly as much as the simulation.

Image from the National Weather Service. A rendering of an idealized anvil cloud.

As the supercell matures, the upward lofting of moist air slows, spreading horizontally and flattening the top to give the characteristic flat top of an anvil cloud. Air cooled at high altitude begins a down wash to the ground carrying precipitation with it. This down wash hits the ground and spreads horizontally causing the so-called first gust prior to the arrival of the storm. You may have noticed the arrival of a strong gust of cold air just before a major storm begins in earnest.

Image from Wikipedia. Notice the position of the mammatus clouds on the trailing edge of the storm. The tornado is towards the leading edge of the storm.

The Massive Problem of “Massive”

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An actual lamentation. A pet peeve of mine is the wanton and extravagant overuse of the word massive. It seems to me that the word should be limited to physical things that have mass or weight. We can all agree that Mt. Everest or an asteroid is massive, you know, dense and heavy. But what about as an adjective for a large void? Then there is massive as an adjective for an explosion?

One of the more egregious misapplications of the word arises as a description of a hole, e.g., massive hole. Oh, good gravy. Open the damned thesaurus for a synonym. Ask Mr Google-

The best word for a big hole depends on its shape and how it was made.

Pit: A deep, natural or man-made hole in the ground.

Crater: A large, circular bowl-shaped hole (e.g., from an explosion or meteor).

Chasm: A deep, massive crack or gorge in the Earth’s surface (e.g., a steep-sided rift).

Abyss: A bottomless or unfathomably deep hole or void.

Sinkhole: A natural depression or hole caused by the collapse of surface layers.

For incredible scale or size: Merriam-Webster Thesaurus lists colossal, enormous, gigantic, immense, vast, mammoth, gargantuan, and titanic.

For solid weight or bulk: Hefty, bulky, ponderous, weighty, and substantial are excellent choices.

A close second is massive explosion. The main idea in using an adjective to modify an impressive explosion is to emphasize the power of the thing. Again, Mr Google suggests words depending on the specific context of the sentence, you can choose from these related terms:

  • For pure destructive impact: Blast, detonation, or blowup.
  • For a catastrophic or earth-shattering event: Cataclysm or catastrophe or catastrophic explosion.
  • For fiery or highly energetic events: Eruption, flare, or supernova (for astronomical events).

The folks who write or speak on broadcast or social media seem to be the big offenders. As a result it is unlikely this demographic will see my pathetic blogging on the matter.

Don’t be lazy. Pick appropriate alternatives to massive that conform to the reality of the subject.

The Trump Coup d’Etat Shifts Into Low Gear

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Search results from Googling “$350 billion attack on communism”-

“House Speaker Mike Johnson is pushing for an additional $350 billion in military spending for the Pentagon, on top of an already approved record-breaking $1.1 trillion defense budget. Speaker Johnson explicitly stated that a portion of these funds is needed for “fighting communism on our own shores”. This comports with what I’ve read elsewhere.

Speaker Johnson is a punk and a POS.

More of the same from the Republican fearmongering playbook. They lurch from the unjustifiable attack on Iran to a $350 billion uptick in action against the American republic. Somebody convince me that we can elect our way out of this death spiral. This is a coup d’etat in slow motion. This festering blend of Trump cult, Christian evangelical Zionism, testosterone bravado, and libertarian utopian fantasy is free to bungle forward while the fearful Republican majority looks on.

Critical to their coup is that democrats and liberal independents will obey the law without violence while MAGA republicans bog the system with lawfare. Their cunning legal appeals give the ultra conservative in the Supreme Court to rule in favor with precedent setting decisions favoring the gaggle of MAGA Republicans. The press must begin to focus on the Heritage Foundation and its members who provided Project 2025.

Trump is like a corrosive gas. He expands beyond precedent on presidential norms, and like a corrosive, his actions corrode the departments who have to deal with it. He tramples norms and waits for the courts to tell him no. All the while, his behavior seems to display increasingly disabled thinking and disregard for demonstrable facts.

Here is the question.

By maintaining civil obedience during public displays of protest, do we of the loyal opposition do our Democratic Republic a disservice by staying away from a show of physical force or lawfare? Must we remain “peaceful” and witness the fall of the American empire. The Democratic Party seems incapable of finding good candidates and getting them elected at the necessary.

Are we liberal patriots or are we sheep?


Yammering Idiots

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Noisy idiots have been a problem throughout history. What to do with precocious citizens with half-baked yet strangely appealing ideas? The notion that jobs are being taken by immigrants is an enduring and popular fancy. Another is that the federal government is merely a front for a squad of hidden mandarins quietly controlling the government from a bunker.

So, where do I get off calling people idiots? Is it not possible that I am an idiot as well? Yes, I’m anxious to clear the air and admit to my own idiocy. No point in denying it. As a lifetime member of the set of all idiots, I’ll offer a defining quality of idiocy.

An idiot is someone who knows enough to assert a statement with certainty, but not knowing enough to realize their knowledge may be too shallow or based on falsehoods or inaccuracies. Idiocy is a vector pointing in the wrong direction with imaginary magnitude. It’s a part of the human condition everyone is afflicted with but differing in direction and magnitude.

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The rest of this post is cut and pasted from Facebook. I don’t know who wrote it but here is the link.

Umberto Eco was a scholar — a man who spent sixty years inside libraries, inside ancient manuscripts, inside the deepest questions human beings have ever wrestled with. How do we make meaning? How does a symbol become a belief? How does a word become a world?

He wrote The Name of the Rose — a murder mystery set inside a 14th-century monastery, where the most dangerous weapon wasn’t a sword. It was a book. And the most dangerous idea wasn’t heresy.

It was forbidden knowledge in the hands of the unprepared.

He understood, better than almost anyone alive, what happens when information moves without wisdom to carry it.

So in June 2015, when Umberto Eco accepted an honorary degree from the University of Turin and turned to face the journalists in the room, what he said wasn’t a prepared speech.

It was a warning.

“Social media gives legions of idiots the right to speak when they once only spoke at a bar after a glass of wine, without harming the community. Then they were quickly silenced. But now they have the same right to speak as a Nobel Prize winner.”

The room went quiet.

Because everyone in it knew he wasn’t being cruel. He was being precise.

For most of human history, spreading an idea required effort. A book had to be written, edited, printed, and earned its way into hands. A journalist had to answer to editors who asked: Is this true? Can you prove it? A voice had to build credibility slowly — through knowledge, through time, through the hard work of being right more often than wrong.

That process wasn’t perfect. Important voices were shut out. Power shaped what got heard. The gatekeepers had their own agendas.

But there was friction. And friction — it turns out — slows things down just long enough for truth to catch up with speed.

Now that friction is almost gone.

A rumor written in anger at midnight can reach a million people before sunrise. A post with no sources, no context, and no accountability can be shared more times than any correction will ever be. Outrage travels faster than nuance. A confident lie moves faster than a careful truth.

Eco understood this — not because he hated technology. Not because he was a bitter old man longing for simpler times.

He understood it because he had spent a lifetime mapping exactly how human beings get deceived. By symbols. By certainty. By the seductive confidence of a voice that sounds like it knows.

His warning wasn’t that everyone having a voice is wrong.

Every person deserves to be heard. The democratization of expression — the idea that you no longer need wealth or institutional power to reach an audience — is genuinely, powerfully good.

His warning was about something quieter. The collapse of the space between having an opinion and having expertise. Between speaking and being believed.

We feel that collapse every single day now.

In the health post written with total confidence by someone with no medical training — shared a hundred thousand times by people who trusted the tone, not the facts. In the political story that races ahead of the truth. In the moment satire gets mistaken for news, and no one notices until the damage is done.

The algorithm doesn’t reward careful.

It rewards engaging. And “engaging” — too often — means shocking, confirming, or enraging.

Umberto Eco died in February 2016. Just eight months after that warning. Just as the world he described was beginning to fully unmask itself.

He never saw what followed.

But his words survived. And they don’t read like criticism anymore.

They read like a map.

So the next time something lands in your feed and every instinct says share this now — pause. One breath.

Ask: Who said this? Why does it make me feel this way? Is the confidence of the writing a substitute for evidence?

Not because you distrust everything. Not because truth doesn’t exist.

But because the single most powerful thing any of us can do in an age of noise — is slow down long enough to think.

That, Umberto Eco would say, is not weakness.

That is the only thing standing between information and wisdom.

Stray Radiation from CBCT Scanner

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In preparation for a dental implant I “took a ride” in a Cone Beam Computed Tomography, CBCT, x-ray scanner with my Geiger counter. I did the scan with a small Geiger counter hidden in my pants pocket. Why hidden you ask? Because I didn’t want to spook the dental assistant and dentist into paroxysms of fear and loathing over bad publicity. I was just curious about scattered radiation.

Source: Google. A CBCT, Cone Beam Computed Tomography panoramic cone beam x-ray scanner.

I’ve had three rounds of radiation, two PET scans and several dozen IMRT CT scans so no worries here about the brief x-radiation exposure as an old guy. Between cosmic rays, solar UV, uranium in the granite, radon with all of her daughters, blasting alphas, betas, gammas and finally muons from the sky, we’re constantly bathed in environmental radiation.

Image from Wikipedia. Schematic of CBCT machine.

Looking how the cone beam spreads (above) from source to detector, perhaps it is no wonder that some of the x-rays exceed the cone in the diagram.

The background counts per minute following the x-ray was 22 cpm, average for around here. During the x-ray, the counts peaked at 19,838 cpm over ~30seconds for a 902 cpm times background.

Photo by Arnold Ziffel.

I take radiation seriously, but the fact is that it is a stochastic hazard so correlating cancer with exposure is tricky.

According to Google AI with search query “is radiation hazard stochastic?” being stochastic means that-

“Probability: The likelihood of the effect happening increases as your radiation dose increases.
Severity: The actual severity of the effect (e.g., the aggressiveness of a resulting cancer) is independent of the size of the dose. It is an “all-or-nothing” event.
No Safe Threshold: Stochastic effects are assumed to have no minimum safe threshold. Even a very small dose carries a proportionally small, but non-zero, probability of causing damage.
Common Examples: Radiation-induced cancers and hereditary/genetic effects are the primary examples of stochastic hazard.”